Scanning Basics

This section introduces container image scanning: finding known vulnerabilities in an image before it ships, then blocking bad images at the Kubernetes admission gate.

Prerequisites

• Trivy (Aqua Security) or Grype (Anchore) - the two most common open-source scanners.
• Docker Engine 29.x with BuildKit to build the image you will scan.
• Kubernetes 1.36.2 cluster with Kyverno or OPA Gatekeeper for admission policies.
• cosign (Sigstore) if you also want to sign and verify images.

Quick install of Trivy on Debian/Ubuntu:

# Install Trivy from the Aqua Security apt repo
sudo apt-get install -y wget gnupg
wget -qO - https://aquasecurity.github.io/trivy-repo/deb/public.key | sudo gpg --dearmor -o /usr/share/keyrings/trivy.gpg
echo "deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/trivy.gpg] https://aquasecurity.github.io/trivy-repo/deb generic main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/trivy.list
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y trivy

Basic Examples

1. Scan a local image

Run Trivy against an image you just built to list known CVEs by severity.

trivy image myapp:1.4.0

• Trivy pulls the vulnerability database, reads the image layers, and enumerates OS packages plus language dependencies.
• Findings are grouped by severity: UNKNOWN, LOW, MEDIUM, HIGH, CRITICAL.
• The first run downloads the DB; later runs are fast because the DB is cached.
• No cluster is needed - this works on any machine with the image available.

2. Fail a build on critical findings

Make the scanner return a non-zero exit code so CI stops the pipeline.

trivy image --severity HIGH,CRITICAL --exit-code 1 myapp:1.4.0

• --exit-code 1 turns findings into a failed step, which blocks the merge or deploy.
• --severity limits what counts as a failure so low-noise findings do not break builds.
• This is the core of shift-left: reject the vulnerable image before it reaches a registry.
• Add --ignore-unfixed to skip CVEs that have no available patch yet.

3. Scan the filesystem or a Dockerfile

Catch problems in dependencies and configuration without building an image.

trivy fs --scanners vuln,misconfig .

• trivy fs scans a project directory for vulnerable lockfile dependencies.
• The misconfig scanner flags insecure Dockerfile and manifest settings, like running as root.
• This runs earliest in the pipeline, on the source itself.
• Use it in a pre-commit hook or the first CI stage for the fastest feedback.

4. Generate an SBOM

Produce a software bill of materials so you can map future CVEs to shipped images.

trivy image --format cyclonedx --output sbom.json myapp:1.4.0

• The SBOM lists every component and version inside the image in CycloneDX format.
• Store it as a build artifact or attach it to the image as an attestation.
• When a new CVE lands, you query SBOMs instead of re-scanning every image.
• SPDX is also supported via --format spdx-json.

5. Scan with Grype as an alternative

Grype is a fast, drop-in second opinion that reads the same image.

grype myapp:1.4.0 --fail-on high

• --fail-on high fails the run on High or Critical findings.
• Grype pairs with Syft (its SBOM tool) if you prefer the Anchore toolchain.
• Running two scanners occasionally surfaces a CVE one database has and the other lacks.
• Pick one as your gate; a second is optional defense in depth.

6. Cache the vulnerability database in CI

Avoid re-downloading the DB on every pipeline run.

trivy image --cache-dir .trivycache/ --exit-code 1 --severity CRITICAL myapp:1.4.0

• Point --cache-dir at a path your CI system caches between runs.
• This cuts scan time and avoids rate limits on the DB mirror.
• Refresh the cache daily so you do not miss newly published CVEs.
• In air-gapped setups, mirror the DB internally and set TRIVY_DB_REPOSITORY.

7. Scan a running cluster's workloads

Point Trivy at your cluster to report on images already deployed.

trivy k8s --report summary cluster

• trivy k8s inspects the images referenced by running workloads.
• The summary shows which namespaces and Deployments carry the most risk.
• Use it to find images that were admitted before your gate existed.
• The Trivy Operator can run this continuously and store results as CRDs.

Intermediate Examples

8. Deny critical CVEs at admission with the Trivy Operator

Combine continuous scanning with a policy that blocks vulnerable images from being admitted.

# Kyverno: deny Pods whose image has an unresolved CRITICAL vulnerability report
apiVersion: kyverno.io/v1
kind: ClusterPolicy
metadata:
  name: block-critical-cves
spec:
  validationFailureAction: Enforce
  background: false
  rules:
    - name: check-vuln-report
      match:
        any:
          - resources:
              kinds: ["Pod"]
      context:
        - name: report
          apiCall:
            urlPath: "/apis/aquasecurity.github.io/v1alpha1/namespaces/{{request.namespace}}/vulnerabilityreports"
      validate:
        message: "Image has CRITICAL vulnerabilities and is blocked."
        deny:
          conditions:
            any:
              - key: "{{ report.items[].report.summary.criticalCount | sum(@) }}"
                operator: GreaterThan
                value: 0

• The Trivy Operator scans images in-cluster and writes vulnerabilityreports custom resources.
• Kyverno reads those reports at admission and denies Pods above your threshold.
• validationFailureAction: Enforce makes the deny real; use Audit first to see impact.
• This closes the loop: scan continuously, then gate on the results.

9. Sign in CI and verify at admission

Prove an image came from your pipeline before allowing it to run.

# In CI, after pushing the image
cosign sign --key env://COSIGN_KEY registry.example.com/myapp:1.4.0

• cosign sign attaches a signature to the image in the registry.
• A Kyverno verifyImages rule rejects any image lacking a valid signature.
• This defends against tampered or typosquatted images even if they scan clean.
• Keep the private key in a KMS or CI secret, never in the repo.

10. Wire the scan into a GitHub Actions gate

Make a failed scan block the pull request automatically.

# .github/workflows/scan.yml (job step)
- name: Scan image
  uses: aquasecurity/trivy-action@master
  with:
    image-ref: myapp:${{ github.sha }}
    severity: HIGH,CRITICAL
    exit-code: "1"
    ignore-unfixed: "true"

• The action fails the job when High or Critical, fixable CVEs are found.
• ignore-unfixed avoids blocking on vulnerabilities with no patch available.
• Require this check in branch protection so it cannot be merged around.
• Upload the SARIF output to code scanning for a reviewable history.

Stack versions: This page was written for Kubernetes 1.36.2, Docker Engine 29.6.1 (BuildKit default), containerd (CRI runtime on nodes), Helm 3, Compose v2, Argo CD (latest - verify at build), and Gateway API (GA - verify controller support at build). 49454e4f4d5f434e4f5904434556494d43451f1c1e56181a181c1a1d